The Problem And Review Of Related Literature And Studies

IntroductionThe practice of Pharmacy has gradually improved over the last few years, from the traditional practice, patient counseling to dispensing automation, the practice continue to develop more means to deliver efficient pharmaceutical care and facilitate the reduction of medication errors in all aspects of health care. Interestingly, one of the means that was implemented is the program called Telepharmacy. This program is currently practiced in North Dakota, Washington and Australia.Telepharmacy is defined as â€Å"the use of state-of-the-art telecommunication technology by the pharmacists to be able to provide pharmaceutical care to patients at a distance. † (Khatri, 2006). Factors associated with the hindering of quality pharmaceutical service in remote communities are geographical barriers, lack of available pharmacists working on remote towns, distance of the pharmacies, financial issues and unavailability of the medicines, which will be sufficiently addressed by imp lementing the telepharmacy.Several studies have also concluded that limited pharmacist hours adversely affect the contributions that pharmacists can make to medication safety in rural hospitals. (M. Casey et al. , 2008). With the implementation of Telepharmacy, delivery of 24-hours pharmaceutical service will be addressed. As telecommunication being an indispensable part of effective exchange of information, its application to the practice of dispensing medical information poses a valuable contribution to the field of Pharmacy, paving another means to effective delivery of pharmaceutical care to patients at a distance.With the modernization and growing complexity of medicines being capable of curing, mitigating and treating disease, the need for the Pharmacists becomes more evident to ensure the safe and cost-effective use of it. Since the Telepharmacy program is capable of developing better access to a more efficient health care wherever the patients are, adequate attention must be employed to the program and the readiness of community pharmacists for the program must be established. With Telepharmacists being the ones performing complete drug utilization reviewson the patient medication profile and performing the mandatory patient education counselling to patients over the phone, the readiness of the community pharmacist on the task is crucial to the effective implementation of the Telepharmacy (C. Peterson, H. Anderson et al. 2004). Even though pharmacists are not physically present in their area, patients can access consultation with a registered pharmacist and get their prescription verified through video conferencing (Riley, 2010).Enabling dispensing of medication via telepharmacy will increase access to more pharmacy services by more patients. By telepharmacy, the problems and restrictions pertaining to medication counseling by Pharmacists will be addressed even in the most urgent time and situations. The readiness of the Registered Pharmacists for the program will lead to the accomplishment of the Telepharmacy in the country since it will eventually mean that the goals that were set up for were attained, the intended purposes were met and generally produced a strong impression or response from the clients.Licensed pharmacists provide traditional pharmacy services, including drug utilization review, prescription verification, and patient counseling to a remote site via telepharmacy technology. Retaining the active role of the pharmacist helps assure the delivery of safe, high quality pharmacy services that can be at risk when the pharmacist is left out as in the case of internet and mail-order pharmacies.(Peterson, 2004) The researchers believe that in pursuing this study, the awareness of the public and professional-alike on the tremendous contribution of Telepharmacy which is fully practiced in other countries in facilitation of quality pharmaceutical care will be raised considerably. And along with the idea that Telepharmacy re duces any possible medication errors, with Pharmacists giving counsel on the phone, the practice of Pharmacy in the country will be improved which will result to its full implementation in the Philippine setting therefore marking the pharmacist’s role as more crucial to the health care of the Filipinos.The evaluation of the readiness of the Pharmacist will be stepping stone to prove that the Telepharmacy program can be carried out successfully in the country. With this study, the possibility of the practice of Telepharmacy in Philippine setting will be determined and assessed, which will render it as a proof for the service to be utilized more in the country for more effective drug information dissemination. Review of Related LiteratureTelepharmacy has the potential to improve the quality of pharmaceutical care and decrease medication errors and adverse drug events in small rural hospitals. However, because telepharmacy is relatively new, there is little literature in peer-re viewed journals. (M. Casey, et al, 2008). In other countries, the implementation of Telepharmacy in dispensing drug information to patients at a distance is being greatly utilized due to its considerable usefulness on improving the practice of Pharmacy and they were even able to develop various models of the service.In the US, there are two models of telepharmacy: North Dakota Telepharmacy and Washington State Model, employing pharmacists giving instructions to the technicians via a video-conferencing link and pharmacists activating automatic dispensing system from the base site to be dispensed by an authorized personnel at the remote site, respectively. Australia also developed a Rural Clinic Model of Telepharmacy that permits non-pharmacist professionals to render the pharmaceutical services. In all the models of telepharmacy aforementioned, the dispensing stage are all divided into 5 steps: 1.) Prescription 2. ) Prescription Entry and Verification 3. ) Dispensing Process 4. ) Dis pensing Verification and 5. ) Patient Counseling, with the latter being done by the pharmacists as required in all the three models (M. Kimber, et al, 2006) According to a recent cost-benefit study conducted by Westerlund and Marklund (2009) in Sweden, when pharmacists are involved in primary care, out of 151 patients used in the study, 68 patients (13%) were saved from drug related problems and 16 patients (3%) were saved from future hospitalizations.Quality pharmaceutical services have been described as: dispensing, supply and distribution of medicines; provision of knowledge and information about drugs, with the primary objective being the promotion and assurance of quality use of medicines (QUM); and provision of pharmaceutical care, which involves pharmacists responding to patients’ drug-related needs to assist them achieve their desired health outcomes. (M. Kimber, et al, 2006).The fact that the Telepharmacy service permits delivery of effective pharmaceutical care to m ore patients at a distance, this contribution will offer greater edge on the practice of Pharmacy as a whole and is consistent with the main goal of the practice which is pharmacists being an indispensable part of the health care system as the experts in drug use. In addition to the contribution of telepharmacy to the practice, it also offers significant advantage on the health care system on its ability to provide workers in more remote settings.The main aim of tele-pharmacies is to provide maximum coverage in areas with few pharmacies and increase the revenue for pharmacy operators (Riley, 2010). Telepharmacy arrangements have been proposed as a way for smaller rural hospitals with limited pharmacist coverage to obtain additional pharmacist resources (Lordan, Vorhees, and Richards, 2002; Peterson et al, 2007). Since half of the Philippine population lives in rural and remote communities, this calls for immediate attention on providing adequate and quality pharmaceutical care in th e said locations.According to the Report of the Commision on the Future Care in Canada by Romanow (2002), telepharmacy, as part of telehealth, is considered as a mechanism for improving access to health care services for rural and remote communities. The telepharmacy is equipped with video cameras so that the pharmacy technician can be supervised by a registered pharmacist. The location of the remote pharmacy is often linked to central pharmacy software to make this process smother and ensure timely and correct delivery (Riley, 2010).With the dynamic and transitional improvement of the telecommunication technology in present time, the counseling of pharmacists to patients at a distance will be delivered with ease and convenience. Adoption of telepharmacy has been slow, but the convergence of available technology and renewed interest in a new pharmacy practice model has created a unique set of circumstances that may present the perfect opportunity for telepharmacy.(Fahrni, 2012) Tele pharmacy significantly offers advantage on addressing medication queries through telephone by eliminating all barriers of communication when it comes to discussion of personal and confidential issues of the patients. According to the study of Louderback (2007), situations such as â€Å"traveling two to five hours for appointments is not only time consuming, but costly† influence patients’ decisions to approach treatments. This is one of the reasons why treatments results in poorer control of chronic health condition especially to the elderly people living in the remote towns.Research also confirms that â€Å"economic pressures and geographic barriers are difficulties that rural elders face when they seek to obtain prescription medications† (Collins, 2007). It obviously calls for the fact that there is a need for telepharmacy to improve the management of chronic conditions and reduce the expenditures required to transport patients for medication treatment, especi ally those who incurred drug related problems. Given the numerous factors that the telepharmacy can addressed when it is widely implemented, any possible medication errors will be avoided accordingly.In the Philippines, the practice of Telepharmacy is not widely recognized due to various factors that affect the successful operation of the service, plus the fact that the country is still far from the full implementation of the service. However, the Pharmaceutical Society of Singapore has proposed some guidelines which can be followed in order to successfully operate a Telepharmacy service. The proposed set of guidelines provide the framework for implementation of telepharmacy service designed to restore and retain retail and hospital pharmacy services in remote rural communities that are located in medically underserved areas.Telepharmacy services produce the same quality of pharmacy services as the traditional mode of delivery and provide additional value-added features that are not found with traditional pharmacy practice. (C. Peterson, H. Anderson et al. 2004) Having been studied pharmacy enables one to develop many skills. Some of these skills and abilities are specific to the role of a pharmacist. Skills are the ability wherein individual uses his knowledge effectively in doing something. Practice is an act of applying; to carry out; to work repeatedly to be proficient or to be professionally engaged (Merriam Webster, 1995).Synthesis Methods of giving information have been a trend in developing countries. There was once a state in America which started to recognize the use of telepharmacy. The North Dakota Telepharmacy Project was established in 2002 for the purpose of restoring, retaining, or establishing pharmacy services in medically underserved rural communities through the use of telepharmacy technology. Telepharmacy offers a pharmacist/business owner the opportunity to expand the professional and financial sides to their operation. (Boudjouk) Accordi ng to the comparison study of D.Friesner, et al (2011) on the rate of medication error incurred in a remote pharmacy site that utilizes telepharmacy and community pharmacies that do not adopt the technology, greater use of technology has the potential to reduce medication errors. Advancement in computer technology, videoconferencing, and voice over IP (VoIP) technology, ubiquitous internet access, and mobile computing will make the use of telepharmacy simpler than ever before. Combined with improvements in pharmacy automation and pharmacy technician practice, the use of telepharmacy as a tool to help build a new practice model has become a reality.(Fahrani, 2009) In agreement with the previous study of D. Friesner, et al, the researchers indeed believe that facilitation of telepharmacy in the delivery of pharmaceutical services will contribute to the reduction of medication error. However, the proposed study aims to determine whether Community Pharmacists in the Philippines are read y to deliver and practice the standard North Dakota Telepharmacy Program. Previous studies were solely devoted to determining the rate of medication error of two pharmacy sites, with or without telepharmacy.The proposed study will be focusing on the crucial participation of pharmacists to raise the acceptance level for Telepharmacy in the Philippines as mean to deliver efficient pharmaceutical service to patients at a distance. Rendering the registered pharmacists ready for the facilitation of telepharmacy will enable a quality telepharmacy to be delivered, equating to a quality traditional pharmacy only with the use of communication technologies to patients at a distance. Fahrani and Boudjouk studies showed how telepharmacy can make a difference in the practice of pharmacy. The studies also included how telepharmacy works in the community.Advancement of technology helps the development of the pharmacy practice. The researchers’ study will evaluate the skills of a registered pharmacists based on the skills that a telepharmacist must possess in order to deliver efficient telepharmacy service. Pharmacists work within a code of professional ethics that encompasses their relationship with other pharmacists, other health professionals and the public. A well-developed sense of responsibility is essential and an ability to communicate effectively with other health professionals and the general public is important.Pharmacists just need skills’ that helps in improving patients’ quality health care. A licensed pharmacist shall do their tasks and responsibilities. A professional, technical and communication skills are essential to be able to deliver a better service. Pharmacist must make patients comfortable with the Telepharmacy technology prior to receiving services. Pharmacists need to work on changing patient expectations and behaviors related to mandatory patient education counseling so that patients learn to expect it as a routine part of pharm acy practice regardless of the mode of delivery.Patient interaction with the pharmacist is important that just mean that patient is learning in the counselling process, which is a good sign afterwards there will be compliance. (Peterson and Anderson, 2004). Conceptual Framework The fast-paced, ever-changing and exciting technology has created a new thinking in Pharmacy. Telepharmacy is one of the outputs of technology. With telepharmacy information can be delivered to patients at high-speed.Needless to say, the application of telepharmacy in other countries has greatly improved the internal operations of counselling making it possible for clients to develop their knowledge and gain services more quickly and reduce internal costs. Establishing the perception of the community pharmacists themselves on the development of the Telepharmacy program to better accommodate patients from afar and give them optimum access on what the pharmacy has to offer regardless of the distance will be reg arded as one of the aspects to consider for the full implementation of the program.A pharmacist who believes on the goals of the Telepharmacy is important for its successful implementation and therefore will improve the efficiency of the healthcare to underserved areas. More than the aim to gain competitive advantage, telepharmacy is an effective way to minimize medication errors, cope with a small number of pharmacists in a country. Telepharmacy is really an ideal method of counselling which is difficult to achieve in its totality. However, Pharmacy boards’ commission must take actions to transform the ideal to a reality. Conceptual Paradigm of StudyStatement of the Problem This study aims to describe the perception of community pharmacists on their own skills as being prepared to deliver the Telepharmacy service. The researchers will gather data through the use of questionnaires in which various queries will be addressed. Specifically, the following questions will be answer ed: 1. What is the community pharmacists’ best definition of ‘Telepharmacy’? 2. What are the requirements needed in order to operate a Telepharmacy service? 3. How do the community pharmacists perceive their own readiness for Telepharmacy? 3.1 Professional Skills 3. 2 Technical Skills 3. 3 Communication Skills 4. What other ways can the program be developed? 5. What is the relationship between the demographic profile of the pharmacist and their skills? 5. 1 Age 5. 2 Gender 5. 3 Civil status Hypothesis Medicinal compliance of patients increases with the utilization of effective telepharmacy service delivered by Pharmacists capable of successfully carrying out the procedures of the program. Accordingly, Telepharmacy will pave a way for a much more systemic & effective drug information dispensing to patients at a distance.Significance of Study By gaining a better understanding on the pharmacists’ own perception on their skills being ready for the delivery of Telepharmacy, it will greatly aid the utilization of this service in improving the practice of Pharmacy in the Philippines by establishing Pharmacists as crucial for optimal health care delivery. Pharmacists will be regarded as a much more indispensable part of health care since their knowledge in drug information will be available at a distance through Telepharmacy.This program also poses an advantage in addressing the insufficiency of pharmacists in remote towns as well as the various factors associated with the hindering of successful facilitation of quality pharmaceutical services such as geographical barriers, transportation, availability of medicines, etc. Scope and Delimitation of Study In this study, the researchers would like to determine the community pharmacists’ self-evaluation of their skills necessary to deliver an efficient Telepharmacy and therefore efficient healthcare service to the patients regardless of their distance.The study is limited to the community pharmacists practicing in the city of Las Pinas. It will also determine the pharmacists’ perception on what Telepharmacy really is and what they think composes a Telepharmacy program. Definition of Terms Telepharmacy – the provision of drug information to patients at a distance by the use of telecommunication technology. Licensed Pharmacist – A pharmacist who has completed the full program of education, and has passed a state licensing examination.Remote Site – a full service pharmacy staffed by a registered pharmacy technician with access by computer, audio and video link to a licensed pharmacist at a central pharmacy site while open. The â€Å"remote site† is analogous to â€Å"originating site†, where the patient is located. Central Site – refers to a Pharmacy with a registered pharmacist, who is trained to carry out dispensing of P medicines and POM via telepharmacy. Telepharmacist – a Licensed Pharmacist who review medicat ion orders, oversees dispensing of the pharmacy assistants and facilitates patient counselling remotely through telephone and other communication technologies.

A Strange Meeting

The blistering cold atmosphere shrouded by its crystalline twilight embodied it's presence over the dark Tamoe Highlands; the field which divided the two kingdoms of Lucil. The gloomy surroundings pierced the night sky, causing people to wonder what sort of menace was at work here; what evil had corrupted the lands of their beloved domain. Gathering people crawled outside of the city walls, on both fronts; the kingdoms of Garthia, and Reynard. They stood in amazement, as sparks of light flickered over head, vaporising the darkness that should have been convenient, replacing it with the most beautiful pearl-like spheres; whose exterior was sheltered with tiny diamonds of exquisiteness. The people turned their gaze to a larger sphere, more dominant, as it were. This orb was unlike anything anyone had ever seen; it's splendour unmatched. The stone cold daze of every single soul; every human, had its eyes fixed on its occurrence, as it twirled in the sparkling sky, gleaming its magnificence for all to see. People began to pace themselves, gradually moving their feet, eyes always focused on their objective; the sphere. They were drawn to its presence, drawn there by some unseen force, or perhaps, they were a victim to greed; all wishing to obtain this obsidian of absolute perfection. Whatever the reason, they all wanted the same thing. Every last person there wanted to touch this orb in the sky, before them. As one of the kingdom members reached out for it, the others became slightly annoyed, agitated by what was happening. Before they knew it, their calm, peaceful, hands became weapons, as they fought each other for this object; this beauty. The greed in every single of them was reflecting the golden aura in each of their eyes, as they killed one another for the sake of this newly born object. One by one, the slaughter went on, humans dying, fighting for the possession of this item. Eventually, one remained; a man by the name of Tarik. He was a great man, a blacksmith, from the kingdom of Reynard. He was a very respectable man; always there when his service was needed, and even when it wasn't needed, he would be there to give a helping hand to anyone who needed it. Grasping the golden sphere in his hands, he peered into its surface; curious of where this came from — it's origin. Nothing like this had been seen before, so it was obvious to him that he was holding some sort of relic; an item that was clearly sought after. He held this item close to his chest, making sure his grip was tightly holding it; afraid someone would steal it from him. Years past, times changed, kingdoms crumbled, and legends were created, and people's theories blinded those who were imprudent enough to alter the truth. Stories were told, people were educated; wondering where this mysterious orb now lay. There were many different stories and films dedicated to exploiting the truth, but they were always altered in on way or another; never fully showing what happened. A young boy strutted up to the building, hands lying lazily in his coat pockets, playing with the loose change he gained upon purchasing some goods for his mother, half-hour past. He tilted his head as he approached the suede doors; seemingly pondering about it's interior. He let our a silent sigh, as he took the last few steps, before swinging the giant doors open with a keen thrust. â€Å"Anybody home?† he muttered, echoing through the dark halls of the building. There was no response. The boy gazed around, looking for someone he could possibly talk to. He walked towards the reception desk, peering over the counter, to find absolutely no one there. The boy then retreated back a few steps, before searching once more for someone, anyone, who could help him. â€Å"Peter?† ‘Peter' turned around, his gaze now fixed on the speaker of his name; searching needlessly to match their face to a name. â€Å"Back again, I see. Hm, you'll have to learn we won't help you with every single need† alleged the woman, powerfully, with her strong voice. Peter's head tilted forwards, staring at the ground, as if the words of this woman have shunned his feelings, making him sad in the event that he could not get his own way. Removing his hands from his pockets, he brushed stray hairs from his face, and gently tucked them behind his ear. â€Å"I understand†¦it's just that, I've heard so much about this sphere, I need someone to actually help me find it!† The young boy was keen, his will strong, on finding the legend of his homeland, Lucil. He wanted to experience, and understands, the beauty his people had witnessed over four thousand years before him. He was certain it lay dormant in this particular place, but had no one to help him excavate it. The woman shook her head, and walked forwards towards Peter. She patted him softly, on his cushioned hair, comforting him, before strolling off down one of the larger corridors; her feet creating constant echoes of footsteps in her wake. â€Å"I'll get it†¦with or without help, I'll get it† thought Peter, as he thudded the doors open, once more, with his hands; this time, more quickly and powerfully, to match his newly acquired mood. The streets of New Reynard were silent; the day was drawing to an end, as the bright sun sunk behind the surrounding mountains. Clouds were growing darker, as rain began to trickle from their interior; showering the city, making a melody of frequent drumming, as it landed onto the earth. Peter peered up, staring into the clouds, before sitting down, peacefully, in the rain. He loved the rain; loved to be in it because of its glorifying touch, its caring aura of water. He just sat there, embracing the cold, damp, atmosphere, as he pondered existence, just as he always did when he was sat in the rain. The young boy wondered†¦about the sphere, more than anything. What importance does it have to the world? Why is it here? There were a lot of questions that he wanted, but was afraid, to discover. Hours past, and the rain moved on, revealing the midnight sky, and the all of its stars, intertwined its beautiful crescent. Peter stood up, soaked with water, he waltzed off down a road leading to his home; water trickling down his spherical visage. As he unlocked his door, he walked inside, taking his shoes off at the door, and planting them beside his families, before taking off his coat and placing it on a hanger. His family were long asleep, and he feared to wake them, so he simply ran upstairs to bed; pulling his blankets over his head, and dreaming of this sphere-like relic he desired to obtain. Morning arose, and he jumped out of his tiny bed. As he did so, he fluffed his pillow, and placed the blankets back over his bed. Peter spoke to none of his family, still, and walked out of the door, slamming it behind him, as he hastily walked off into the bustle streets of New Reynard. He was engulfed in desire to find this sphere, he was determined, and today, he would find it. After 2 years of research, and revising the theories, and so called â€Å"truth† on this event that took place 4000 years ago, he was determined, and sure, he would find it today; alone, if he had to. Running towards the mountains, Peter swung his arms as he ran as fast as he could. Before coming to the edge of town, he crossed the bridge that separated the settlement from the grasslands of Lucil; but it wasn't very far to the mountain range, still. As he approached the mountains, there was a rather unexpected sound emerging from the depths of a cave; somewhere that had previously been explored many a time. The roaring noise became more frequent, and thunderous, as he stepped towards it. His necklace that was passed onto him from the generations of fathers seemingly began to fluctuate, as he got nearer, and nearer. Approaching even further still, the tiny bead on his necklace sprouted a neon-glow of blue, as it fired a tiny laser of accuracy into a small gap in the cave wall; causing an explosion of rock as it fell crumbled away, revealing a compartment within the caves. Peter approached it, his heart racing faster than it ever had, clutching at his chain to steady it. Slowly walking towards the inner area of the wall, he glared at a metallic shrine in front of him; he basked at its glory, for it was shunning a powerful aura of energy, sparking at the corners, where energy was leaping from its body. The boy walked towards the memorial; drips of sweat dripping down his face, as he approached it steadily, wondering what this was. He finally stood right next to it, reaching his right arm out slowly, as he tapped the surface with his index finger; wondering if anything would actually happen. There was a glare of blinding light, and Peter stood back, falling to the ground as he did so. His heart began to fluctuate even more, as the shrine hovered into the air, spiralling around in circles, like some sort of magic was in play here. There was a heart, tempered, voice coming from it, as it twirled in the air. â€Å"Hahaha†¦so you think you can take my sphere, do you? Hahaha!† All of a sudden, the top of the memorial blew off, revealing a travesty of golden beams piercing the cave walls, and ceiling. Peter closed his eyes, whilst throwing his hands in front of his face, to shield himself from the blinding light that was in play. He wished that he had never come here, that he had never revealed this sacred shrine that was before him now; scaring him into thinking about nothing but torment. A man jumped out of the casket that was on the shrine, and walked towards Peter slowly; a golden sphere of beauty gently cradled in his arms, as he walked forwards, grinning as he did so. He spoke one more, in a more taunting manner. â€Å"Peter, Peter, Peter†¦how dare you intrude my place of sleep. How dare you think you can steal my sphere! How dare you!† Throwing his arm forwards, the man pierced Peter's chest with his fist; revealing blood to drip from his lifeless body, as he fell backwards, lying completely on the floor; red liquid spurting from his mouth, as he choked in his own blood. The man grinned, before turning around, and heading back into the casket one more, to lay dormant again, with his precious sphere of beauty; protecting it from anyone who thinks they can take it from him. The mountains were once again silent†¦nothing could be heard, nothing was to be seen. The dark skies covered the twilight horizon, as day became a fragment of bliss. †¦that is the tale, of the striking orb. The tale that has been since passed on from man to man; but, who could have passed on, when there was no one there but the boy? Theories have emerged, legends have been written, but no one knows for sure how the story came about.

Analysis Of The Novel Things Fall Apart - 1100 Words

Christine Kittrell Professor Harrington HUM 200: Contemporary Lit Culture 30 September 2014 American society vs. Umuofian society Values are beliefs, priorities, and or activities that people find importance in. In the 1959 novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† written by Chinua Achebe, the concentration is on the nine Ibo-speaking villages of Umuofian, which means People of the Forest†. Umuofian is the village in which Okonkwo, the protagonist, thrives in everything and is able to secure his manly position in the tribe. There are little similarities and many differences in the values of an American society and the values of a traditional Umuofian society such as marriage, religion, role of men and women, the way each handle wars and the political system. One difference of an American society and an Umuofian society is the practice of polygamy, the practice of having many wives. This tradition is practiced in the connected nine villages of Umuofian and even encouraged by most of the people. A man s wealth is partially based on the number of wives he has. As described in Things Fall Apart, a wealthy man is defined to have nine wives and thirty children. Okonkwo had only three wives and eight children. Polygamy is not something many Americans are familiarized with. American culture teaches that monogamy, the opposite of polygamy, is the proper, accepted form of marriage. In American culture, having more than one partner in a marriage is often cause for divorce and called cheating.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Novel Things Fall Apart 1435 Words   |  6 Pages ‘’Things Fall Apart’’ novel tries to bring back up cultural, social as well as spiritual basics of traditional Igbo (Ibo) existence from the year 1850 and 1900. The novel cannot be fixed like truthful societal and political old times of Ibo society since it is a work of invented story. However, the novel describes disagreements and apprehensions in Igbo society. 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Essay Beowulf Translations In Time - 2840 Words

Beowulf Translations In Time Beowulf. The oldest and, arguably, the greatest epic in English literature’s vast history. Beowulf is an epic poem, originally written in Old English, that details the heroic exploits of the warrior, Beowulf, throughout his life. It represents the heroic ideal and the role of fate’s importance to the Old English people, while also addressing politics, war, old-age, kinsmanship, and fantasy. The depth of the poem, in both its poetry and narration, is incredible, and in the original Old English the integration and weaving of meaning throughout the text is virtually unparalleled. Though Beowulf is an obvious masterpiece of English literature, its true importance in history is often understated†¦show more content†¦Wiht unhaelo, grim ond graedig, gearo sona waes, reoc ond repe, ond on raeste genam pritig pegna; panon eft gewat hude hremig to ham faran, mid paere waelfylle wica neosan. (115-125) This passage, Grendel’s approach and attack on the Dane’s hall, was chosen because it is representative of the poetic and narrative structures that are operating throughout the poem; the recurring diction, narrative movement, internal reference and contrast, and envelope structure that are present in this short passage are echoed in all of Beowulf. Also, this passage is an important and entertaining portion of the story, providing a good reference point for the analysis of the translations. The translations I have selected are varied; from literal word- by-word translations, to more â€Å"narrative† modern verse translations, to transcriptions of the original text with glossings, and even one of my own translations. The chosen translations range fairly evenly from the years 1892 to 2001, and are all from academic sources (except for, possibly, the two Penquin translations, which I have included for added depth in analysis, giving translations that are directed at a more broad audience). This varied range of translations over time provides a good foundation to examine the content of this very important passage in translation. By examining Grendel’s approach to the hall, theShow MoreRelated Epic of Beowulf Essay - Foreign and English Translations and Versions of Beowulf1541 Words   |  7 PagesForeign and English Translations and Versions of Beowulf   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From 1805 until the present there have been introduced an abundance of paraphrases, translations, adaptations, summaries, versions and illustrations of Beowulf in modern English and in foreign languages due mostly to two reasons: the desire to make the poem accessible, and the desire to read the exotic (Osborn 341). It is the purpose of this essay to present a brief history of this development of the popularity of the poem andRead MoreEssay about Comparison of Seven Beowulf Translations1133 Words   |  5 PagesComparison of Seven Beowulf   Translations    There is not unanimity among Beowulf translators concerning all parts of the text, but there is little divergence from a single, uniform translation of the poem. Herein are discussed some passages which translators might show disagreement about because of the lack of clarity or missing fragments of text or abundance of synonyms or ambiguous referents.    After the Danish coast-guard meets and talks to Beowulf, the guard then begins his nextRead MoreLanguage in Beowulf Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagestimeles epic poem Beowulf. Beowulf was written in Old English by an unknown author between the centuries of 800 AD and 1000 AD. Year after year, a new translation is made by an author. Each translation is completely different, yet still the same poem. It is tedious for authors to make their translation literal to the original epic, while simultaneously making it understandable, modern, and readable. Many have tried to accomplish this, but personally I find that Seamus Heaney’s translation of the epic accomplishesRead MoreEssay about Analysis of 2 Translations of Beowulf667 Words   |  3 PagesDescription Comparative Analysis Beowulf is a great piece of Anglo-Saxon literature that can be, and has been, translated in multiple ways. Of the many outstanding translations, two of which are by Burton Raffel and Seamus Heaney, different ways of writing are portrayed. Grendel’s description is written quite differently in both translations. Heaney’s translation is more similar to the Anglo-Saxon style of writing than Raffel’s translation. In Heaney’s translation, he uses a kenning to describe theRead MoreEssay On Translation Of The Movie Beowulf953 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf is the oldest surviving epic poem in Old English literature. It is a tale as old as time, passed down through stories around the campfire, told through the ancient lips of our ancestors. There were many translations recorded as soon as writing was developed, but one was more accurate and popular than the rest. In the year 2007, the movie Beowulf was produced, and it combined many translations of the poem. There were major similarities and differences between the most accurate translationRead MoreBeowulf: An Anglo-Saxon Epic Poem Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pages The epic poem Beowulf, is a work of fiction and was composed sometime between the middle of the seventh and the end of the tenth century of the first millennium, in the language today called Anglo- Saxon or Old English. This story is a heroic narrative, more than three thousand lines long, concerning the deeds of the Scandinavian prince, also called Beowulf, and it stands as one of the foundation works of poetry in English. Beowulf is obviously a creation of the poet, through partial comparisonsRead MoreEssay on Anglo-Saxon History and Beowulf1586 Words   |  7 PagesAnglo-Saxon History and Beowulf By definition the word â€Å"hero† might be interpreted in one of four ways. First off in mythology and legend, a hero is often of divine ancestry. He is endowed with great courage and strength, celebrated for his bold exploits, and favored by the gods. Secondly, a hero is a person noted for feats of courage or nobility of purpose, especially one who has risked or sacrificed his or her life. Thirdly, a hero can also be described as a person noted for specialRead MoreBeowulf And The Anglo Saxon Period1740 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf The original poem, Beowulf, goes back to the Anglo-Saxon period in c. 650 and c.1100. Authors translated Beowulf many times in the Anglo-Saxon period to present day. It displays how a hero should be in the real world. He helps the people in the village and slays monsters. Everyone in the village looks up to him as he acts as if he were a role model. Beowulf, the protagonist in the translated Beowulf by Seamus Heaney, is a hero of his village, stands for bravery, strong will, and noblenessRead MoreSummery and Response of Webster’s Article on Archeology in Beowulf642 Words   |  3 PagesIn Webster’s article, she talks about the different things that make Beowulf the poem what it is today. In her article she talks about different things like swords, shields, halls, and cultures. She takes these subjects and talks about where they originated and why they are in the poem. She takes the poem and breaks it down into the different subjects, and shows the reader how they add to the texture of the poem. Webster ends her article by stating that the poem would not be what it was today withoutRead More Epic of Beowulf Essay - Alliteration in Beowulf1297 Words   |  6 PagesAlliteration in Beowulf  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The diction of the Old English poem Beowulf is distinguished primarily by its heavy use of   allliteration, or the repetition of the initial sounds of words.    In the original manuscript version of the poem, alliteration is employed in almost every line (or two half-lines); in modern translations of the poem this is not so. Beowulf uses alliteration [my italics] and accent to achieve the poetic effect which Modern English poetry achieves

Social Issues in Sociology Ideas

Social Issues in Sociology Ideas Quality healthcare is a social issue that leads to problems for people who dwell in urban environments. Possessing both sites wasn't beneficial and was confusing. I've been involved ever since. Besides teen pregnancy, there are a large number of important identified social issues in the USA today. There is a particular fragility of revenue and social position in France. All information, contact and products are going to be in 1 address. The conditions of his entrance into placement was extraordinary. It turned out to be a prosperous morning. A lot of my Hubs are favorites of mine for unique factors. Waiting and hoping I will fall. I am hoping I'm doing the proper thing,'' she explained. My name is Ealisa Adams and I'm a freelance writer for assorted online websites. Various individuals may hold different and strongly-held views, which aren't easily changed. People from otherwise excellent backgrounds are more inclined to draw sympathy than people that have more troubled histories. In some regions, it seems to have gotten worse. Social Issues in Sociology Secrets Education is potentially the most important component in someone's success in society. Nonprofit organizations are often formed for the only purpose of solving a social matter. Social problems often involve issues that impact the actual world. They are issues or problems that may affect the people in a society, no matter it is directly or indirectly, and social problems are mainly related to moral values. It's through the study of sociology which our whole outlook on several facets of crime has change. The fantastic strength of Habermas's early work is it treats the growth of media as an essential part of the formation of the modern-day societies. It increases the understanding of the society. This scientific understanding of human society is necessary in order to attain progress in many fields. In fact, the majority of people also think that racism is developed through a couple of outcomes. This term was defined in a variety of fields of studies like in psychology and sociology. The social phenomenon is currently understood in the light of scientific wisdom and enquiry. Functionalism interprets each component of society with respect to the way that it contributes to the stability of the entire society. The Benefits of Social Issues in Sociology The country has a ways to go when it has to do with discrimination. For instance, a high unemployment rate which affects millions of people is a social matter. Everyone deserves a good education. The main reason for social problems is due to unemployment, which is additionally a social problem itself. By contrast, Republicans are more inclined to feel that government shouldn't be accountable for financial equality. The front page news was not excellent. To mention every social issue is beyond the reach of this lesson, but we'll look at a few examples of social problems that are recognized and important problems in the USA today. I'm not the only one contemplating the problem of cheating. The Ugly Secret of Social Issues in Sociology Typically, 300,000 or more people all around the world take part in the Microsoft Solitaire events which take place four or five times weekly. My passion is helping different individuals make a modest additional cash online. If only a few individuals are speaking out against it, then it isn't a social matter. When many folks dwell in urban environments for work opportunities, unemployment is still an issue in lots of them. This is a step that's being taken to be able to try to get around the occurrence of this social issue. If I am only able to work out the tracker system so that I can begin making referrals which will be awesome. A social problem is normally a term used to refer to problems with a specific area or group of men and women in the world. Throughout the life program, there are social problems connected with various ages.

Business Entities in Malaysia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Identify And Discuss the Features of Business Entities in Malaysia, Explained the Concept of Separate Legal Entity and Evaluate the Application of Section 181 (1) of the Companies Act, 1965. Answer: Introduction: A business entity can be described as a voluntary organization that has been formed and organized for the purpose of carrying on the trading of goods or services to the consumers for a profitable or altruistic purpose. This is decided by the business plan of the entity as the result of its operations and its major activity. Nearly all business entities are owned privately and are controlled by an individual or comprise a few persons. In case of Malaysia, generally the common types of business entities are sole proprietorship, partnership and private limited companies. There is a difference in all these types of business entities regarding the level of control that is exercised by the ultimate owner of the business on the business. However in all these types of business entities, the private transactions of the owners are not mixed up with the transaction and the business accounts. Sole proprietorship: As is the case with several other countries, in case of sole proprietorship, one individual solely owns the business. In case of Malaysia, only the citizens of Malaysia or the permanent residents of the country can register as the owners of sole proprietorship. The law allows personal name/trade name to be used as the name of the business. The applicant of the business name should be filled in the associated entity, which is Registrar of Business (ROB) acting under the Companies Commission of Malaysia (CCM) prior to the registration of business. In case of sole proprietorship, the liability of the owner of the business is unlimited. Consequently, in case the business fails or it has been declared bankrupt, the curators of the business have the option to sue the owner of sole proprietorship regarding all the debts of the business. The effect of this situation is that the personal income and the personal assets of the owner of sole proprietorship are also liable. However, it is the easiest way to start a business. As compared to private limited companies, only annual fee is payable by the sole proprietors to the Companies Commission of Malaysia for the purpose of renewing the business from year to year. In case of a sole proprietorship, there is no annual audit filing requirements. As mentioned above, the most significant danger present in case of sole proprietorship is that of unlimited liability. This means that if the sole proprietorship fails to fulfill its liabilities, the creditors have the option to recover from the personal assets of the owner. In this way, the personal assets of the owner of a sole proprietorship do not have any protection. The reason is that in case of a sole proprietorship, no distinction is made by the law between the owner of the business and his personal assets. The profit made by the business in case of sole proprietorship is treated as the business income of the individual. Partnership: A partnership can be described as a legal form of business in which there are two or more owners. In this case, there should be a legal agreement between the partners which mentions the way profit will be shared, decisions will be made, how the disputes will be resolved between the partners, how the partners can be added to the business in future and so on. Although it is difficult to break up a partnership when the business has just started but it has been seen that many partnerships come to an end during a crisis (Aghion, Bolton and Tirole, 2000,). Therefore, in the absence of a defined process, it could result in greater difficulties to dissolve the partnership. Generally, the business structure of a partnership is used for the purpose of establishing professional firms like auditors and lawyers. In case of a partnership, the liability of all the partners is unlimited. In this way, in case of a partnership, two or more persons (at least two persons and maximum 20) combine their resources for the purpose of carrying out a legal business in Malaysia and with a view to make profit. As is the case with sole proprietorship, only the citizens of Malaysia or permanent residents can register a partnership. Generally the partnership agreement is drawn by legal counsel. This agreement defines the liabilities and responsibilities of each partner (Anderson, Gary and Tollison, 1983). In case of a partnership, the profits and the liabilities of the business are shared by all the partners. There are different types of partnerships that need to be discussed briefly. General partnership: In case of a general partnership, the partners share responsibility regarding the management of the business and also the liabilities of the business. Similarly, the profit or the loss of the business is also shared by all the partners in accordance with the partnership agreement. Generally it is assumed that all the partners have an equal share unless something different has been mentioned in the written agreement created between the partners. Limited partnership: the meaning of a limited partnership or a partnership with limited liability is that the liability of most of the partners to the business is limited to the extent of the investment made by them. Similarly, these partners have limited input related with the decisions concerning the management of the business. However, the creation of a limited partnership is more formal and complex as compared to the formation of a general partnership (Salim, 2006). Company: Another business structure, available in Malaysia is that of a company. The Companies Act, 1965 is applicable in case of the companies operating in Malaysia. This legislation provides protection to the rights and interests of the shareholders and investors. Similarly, this legislation also contains the regulations related with the incorporation of companies, the Constitution of the company, management and closure of companies. In case of the business structure of a company, limited liability is available to the shareholders. However, at the same time, certain restrictions also placed on the ownership of the company, which have been introduced to prevent any hostile takeover attempts. In the eyes of law, a limited company enjoys a special status (Beck, Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic, 2004). After registration, a company has its own legal identity. Consequently, the law permits the corporation to sue in its own name. Similarly, a company can also own assets in its own name. The ownership in case of a limited company is divided into equal parts which are known as shares. A person owning one or more shares of the company is known as a shareholder of the company. As a result of the distinct legal identity offer limited company, the law provides that the owners of the company cannot be held personally liable regarding the debts of the company. Therefore, as compared to sole proprietors and partners, the shareholders of the company enjoy the benefit of limited liability. In Malaysia, there are three types of companies. These are:- Company limited by shares: the companies limited by shares can be described as the most common type of business entity that is incorporated in Malaysia. In this case, the liability of the members of the company is restricted to the amount that has been mentioned on their unpaid shares. Therefore, in case the company becomes insolvent and goes into liquidation, the members of the company are not required by the law to pay the debts of the company unless a personal guarantee has been given by any member of the company (Salim, 2005). In the same way, in this case, the private property of the members of the company is not legally responsible for the debts of the corporation. Sendirian Berhad (SDN BHD) can be described as a private limited company. In this case, any invitation to the public to subscribe to the shares of the company or to deposit money with the company for subscription or investment is prohibited. The minimum number of members required, in case of a private limited company is two and the number of members can go up to fifty. Berhad (BHD) can be described as a public limited company where the shares of the company can be offered to the general public for a fixed period as well as other forms of subscription. The minimum number of members in this case is two and the maximum number is unlimited. Generally this type of entity is created by large businesses. Companies limited by guarantee: These types of companies are generally used for clubs, charities, societies and community projects etc. Therefore, most of the companies limited by guarantee are not for profit companies. This means that these companies do not distribute their prophet among the members but either the profit is retained by the company or it is used for some other purpose. In case of this type of business entity, it is mentioned in the Articles of Association and the Memorandum of the company that the liability of members is restricted to the amount that has been "guaranteed" or undertaken during winding up, which is the amount mentioned in the Memorandum and agreed and signed by all the members. Such companies do not have share capital, therefore there are no shareholders. Unlimited companies: These types of companies are rarely formed. An unlimited company is a hybrid corporation that is either with or without share capital. Such company is similar to a limited company, but in this case, the members or the shareholders do not enjoy limited liability. This means that the members of the company have a joint, several and unlimited liability for fulfilling the insufficiency in the assets of the company in case of the liquidation of the company to settle its outstanding liabilities, if any. However and their former liquidation, the unlimited company is same as its counterpart limited company where there is no direct liability of the members towards the creditors of the company during the formal course of business. The concept of separate legal entity: The principle according to which a company is treated in the eyes of law as a separate legal entity that is distinct from its members has been provided in Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd. (1897). According to this principle, after a company has been incorporated, it is considered as an artificial person. Therefore, the company is considered to have all the rights and responsibilities that are present in case of a living person. This principle has been widely accepted and applied in the business world in Malaysia. After a company has been incorporated by complying with the procedure prescribed in this regard, a new entity comes into being and it is considered as being a separate legal entity that is different from its members and officers. As a result of this principle, a major difference is present between a company and a partnership. Therefore, a company is treated by the law as being a separate person that is different from its members, or effectively the owners and the directors, who co ntrol the company and manage the business. Being a distinct legal entity, the law permits the company to sue or be sued in its own name. Because of the decision given in Salomon v Salomon (1897), it has been confirmed that after its incorporation, a company has to be treated as a separate legal entity that is different from its members. In this regard, he does not matter if the company has purchased business from its subscribers, and it continued to operate as before, or that the third parties who are dealing with the same persons, and that the same persons have been receiving the profits that is made by the business, while previously in their capacity as partners and now as the members of the company. Section 181(1) Companies Act, 1965: Shares allow voting rights but if a person is not a majority are substantial shareholder, then it is likely that such person may be outvoted regarding a matter that could be crucial for such person. The question may arise if the person can take any action if he or she feels that the directors or the majority shareholders have done something wrong. The general answer to this question is a no. In this regard, it is a rule known as the Foss v Harbottle rule. According to this rule, it has been mentioned that the proper plaintiff regarding a wrong that has been committed against the company is the company itself and not shareholder. Under such a situation, if a person feels that the directors are the majority shareholders of the company have done something wrong, they have committed the wrong against the company and not against the person. Hence, the entity that has the right to take action is the company itself and not the person. However, sometimes the application of this rule may resu lt in certain problems. How can the company take action than the wrongdoers (the majority shareholders) are having control over the company. Certainly they will never allow the company to take action against themselves. Under these circumstances, the question arises, what can be done by a minority shareholder. Conclusion: The answer is provided by section 181 of the Companies Act. It provides the remedy in cases of oppression faced by minority shareholders. However, it needs to be kept in mind that this remedy is not available in each and every case. When a person becomes a member of the company, he should be aware of the fact that he may be outvoted. This is known as the majority rule. It simply means that the will of the majority needs to prevail, as in the case of democracy. Therefore, not every decision can be challenged under this section. Only if there has been some "oppression", this section allows a minority shareholder to challenge the decision. In Re Kong Thai Sawmill (Miri) Sdn Bhd [1978], the court has tried to describe the circumstances that may amount to oppression in terms of the Companies Act. The court stated that only the fact that one or more of the members managing the company have a majority of voting power and, relying on such power they have made policy or executive decisions that are not favorable to the complainant, cannot be described as oppression. The persons having interests in the companies limited by shares are required to accept majority rule (Re Coliseum Stand Car Service Ltd., 1972). Only when the majority rule had crossed over to the role of minority oppression or disregarded their interests, the provisions of section 181 can be invoked. For establishing oppression, there should be some visible leaving of the standards of fair dealing (Ng Chee Keong v Ng Teong Kiat Highlands Plantations Ltd., 1980). Similarly, there should be a breach of the conditions related with fair play that could have been rea sonably expected by the shareholders before making a purchase of oppression. References Aghion, P., Bolton, P and Tirole, J., 2000, Exit options in corporate finance: liquidity versus incentives, Working Paper, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., and Maksimovic V., 2004 Financial and Legal Constraints to Firm Growth: Does Size Matter, Journal of Finance, forthcoming. Chia, B., Forum: A turning point in company law, The Edge, Malaysia, July 1622, 2007 Gary M. and Tollison, R.D., 1983, The myth of the corporation as a creation of the state, International Review of Law and Economics 3, 107-120. L.S. Sealy, Foss v. HarbottleA Marathon Where Nobody Wins (1981) 40 C.L.J. 29 Salim, M.R., 2005, Shareholders Rights and Remedies in Malaysia, PhD thesis, Lancaster University Salim, M.R., 2006, Legal Transplantation and Local Knowledge: Corporate Governance in Malaysia, 20 Australian Journal of Corporate Law 55 Case Law Foss v Harbottle (1843) 67 E.R. 189 Ng Chee Keong v Ng Teong Kiat Highlands Plantations Ltd [1980] 1 MLJ 45 Re Coliseum Stand Car Service Ltd [1972] 1 MLJ 109) Re Kong Thai Sawmill (Miri) Sdn Bhd [1978] 2 MLJ 227 Salomon v A Salomon and Co Ltd [1897] AC 22

The mindless worker Essay Example For Students

The mindless worker Essay Thinking it can survive the rapid tides of this worldIt works and works and works until it can work no moreIs it truly happy in its confined walls of its fortressMust it work all the time to feel freedom?I say NOT; take for instance the butterflyThe butterfly is a thirsty brook longing to become a great riverIts tides blow strong so to be free and wild in the dayIts world is gentle and its sneezes are the sameIt does not live in a fortress for a worldHowever, one day the butterfly and the ant join powersOne is to gather a great meal for kingsAnd one is to provide a single moment of joyThe butterfly tells the ant to provide joy, but the ant refuses and leavesThe butterfly cant stand this behavior and calls back the antThe ant explains that he truly does not know what joy isWhen the butterfly hears this, his heart sinks to hell and grows coldThe butterfly feels a great sympathy for the deprived antThe ant lives in an everlasting, inescapable hell fireThe butterfly lives in a heavenly p alaceThe two are night and day!. We will write a custom essay on The mindless worker specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now .. never to be seen togetherThe butterfly flies away looking at the frozen image of the antIt flies closer and closer to the sun.. . until it is never seen againBibliography: